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A PRIORI: A presumption made before an analysis is undertaken, often based on experiences, beliefs, or deductions from seemingly self-evident propositions about how the world works. This is a Latin for assumption or axiom. A similar sounding, but opposite term is a posteriori, which is derived from observation or facts. For example, in the study of economics of crime you might assume, a priori, that people are basically "good", because that just seems to be part of human nature, and conclude, a posteriori, that people are more likely to commit crimes when the threat of capture and conviction is lower.
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                           MICROECONOMIC GOALS: Two conditions of the mixed economy that are most important for microeconomics, including efficiency, and equity, that are generally desired by society and pursued by governments through economic policies. Microeconomic goals are two of the five economic goals of a mixed economy that are most important to the study of microeconomics. They are efficiency and equity.EfficiencyEfficiency is achieved when society is able to obtain the greatest amount of satisfaction from available resources. With efficiency, society cannot change the way resources are used in any way that would increase the total amount of satisfaction obtained by society. The pervasive scarcity problem is best addressed when limited resources are used to satisfy as many wants and needs as possible.While efficiency is indicated by equality between demand price and supply price for a given market, unfortunately there are no clear-cut comprehensive indicators for attaining this efficiency goal. While it is possible, in theory, to pinpoint what is needed for efficiency, the complexity of the economy makes the task difficult to accomplish in practice. EquityEquity is achieved when income and wealth are "fairly" distributed within a society. Almost everyone wants a "fair" distribution. However, what constitutes a fair and equitable distribution is debatable. Some might contend that equity is achieved when everyone has the same income and wealth. Others contend that equity results when people receive income and wealth based on the value of their production. Still others argue that equity is achieved when each has only the income and wealth that they need.Equity means income and wealth are distributed according to a standard of fairness. But what is the fairness standard? It could be equality. Or it could be the productive value of resources. Or it could be need. Because justifications for each are easily identified, it is also easy to see that standards for equity moves deeply into the realm of normative economics. TradeoffsThe two microeconomic goals of efficiency and equity are widely considered to be beneficial and worth pursuing. Each goal, achieved by itself, improves the overall well-being of society. Efficiency is better than inefficiency. An equitable distribution is better than an inequitable one.However, the pursuit of one goal often restricts attainment of the others. For example, policies that promote efficiency might cause inequities or policies that improve equity might cause inefficiency. Microeconomic goals are also often in conflict with the macroeconomic goals of full employment, stability, and growth. Consider a hypothetical situation, depicted by the hypothetical Republic of Northwest Queoldiolia, in which the pursuit of one goal limits achieving another goal. - Efficiency and Equity: The Congress of Northwest Queoldiolia seeks to address historical ethnic inequities by establishing an affirmative action program. Opportunities for ethnic minorities provided by the program enables more equal distributions of income and wealth, but efficiency is prevented because some of the employed workers are less skilled at their jobs.
Policies and PoliticsThe pursuit of these two microeconomic goals is inherently an act of normative economics. In fact, the "norm" part of term normative economics is synonymous with the word "goal." Normative economics is essential to the pursuit of economic goals.In a mixed economy, the pursuit of these goals is largely directed by governments. This, of course, brings into play the wonderful world of politics and never-ending debates over which of these two microeconomic goals is most worth pursuing with economic policies. As the discussion turns to politics and policies, two viewpoints tend to emerge--liberal and conservative. Generalities are, of course, fraught with exceptions. However, with that caution in mind, note that each of the two political views have historically placed greater emphasis on the attainment of some goals over others. Liberals have tended to prefer equity over efficiency and conservatives have usually preferred efficiency over equity.
Recommended Citation:MICROECONOMIC GOALS, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2025. [Accessed: July 7, 2025].
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time looking for a downtown retail store hoping to buy either a Boston Red Sox baseball cap or a square lamp shade with frills along the bottom. Be on the lookout for mail order catalogs with hidden messages.
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Only 1% of the U.S. population paid income taxes when the income tax was established in 1914.
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"It is not because things are difficult that we do not dare; it is because we do not dare that they are difficult. " -- Seneca, statesman, dramatist, philosopher
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AEA
American Economic Association
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