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November 16, 2025 

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IBT: The abbreviation for indirect business taxes, which is the official entry in the National Income and Product Accounts maintained by the Bureau of Economic Analysis for sales taxes. Indirect business taxes are one key difference between national income (the resource cost of production) and gross/net domestic product (the market value of production). For further discussion of this point, see gross domestic product and national income or net domestic product and national income. Indirect business taxes is generally less than 10% of gross domestic product (7-8% is common).

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VOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT: Unemployment that results when resources which are willing and able to engage in production choose not to produce output. These are resources (especially labor) that decide to leave one job, often in search of another. The contrast to voluntary unemployment is involuntary unemployment, in which resources are forced out of work.

     See also | unemployment | involuntary unemployment | frictional unemployment |


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INJECTIONS-LEAKAGES MODEL

A macroeconomic model that balances non-consumption expenditures on production (injections) and non-consumption uses of income (leakages) that is used to identify the equilibrium level of, and analyze disruptions to, aggregate production and income. The injections-leakages model is based on the principles of Keynesian economics and provides an alternative to the standard aggregate expenditures (Keynesian cross) analysis. The three injections included in the model are investment expenditures, government purchases, and exports. The three leakages included in the model are saving, taxes, and imports. Three variations are the two-sector injections-leakages model (or saving-investment model), three-sector injections-leakages model, and four-sector injections-leakages model.

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APLS

BEIGE MUNDORTLE
[What's This?]

Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time browsing through a long list of dot com websites wanting to buy either a rechargeable battery for your computer or shoe laces for your snow boots. Be on the lookout for mail order catalogs with hidden messages.
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In the early 1900s around 300 automobile companies operated in the United States.
"Old minds are like old horses; you must exercise them if you wish to keep them in working order. "

-- John Adams, 2nd US president

EJ
Economic Journal
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