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October 10, 2026 

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SPATIAL: A modifying term used to indicate a connection or relation to space, and by inference the study of urban and regional economics, as suggested by the term spatial differentiation (which means differences in the concentration of economic activity across space). This term is commonly used to make people some exceedingly intelligent by asking questions like "Did you consider spatial factors in your analysis?" However, in so doing be careful that the word is pronounced "spatial", not "special." This just confuses the situation.

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U-SHAPED COST CURVES: The family of short-run cost curves consisting of average total cost, average variable cost, and marginal cost, all of which have U-shapes. They are U-shaped because each has high but falling cost at low quantities of output, which then reaches a minimum, then has rising cost at larger quantities of output. Although the average fixed cost curve is not U-shaped, it's occasionally included with the other three just for sake of completeness.

     See also | average total cost | average variable cost | marginal cost | average fixed cost | average total cost curve | average variable cost curve | marginal cost curve | average fixed cost curve | short-run production | stages of production | increasing marginal returns | decreasing marginal returns | law of diminishing marginal returns | total cost | total variable cost | total fixed cost |


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VARIABLE COST

In general, cost that changes with changes in the quantity of output produced. More specifically, variable cost is combined with the adjectives "total" and "average" to indicate the overall level of variable cost or the per unit variable cost. Variable cost depends on the amount produced. If there is no production, then there is no variable cost.

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