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July 15, 2025 

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EFFECTIVE DEMAND: The notion that the actual demand for aggregate output in the macroeconomy is based on the actual income or other existing economic conditions and not on income and conditions existing in equilibrium. The idea of effective demand plays a key role in Keynesian economics and how the macroeconomy can have extended periods of unemployment. Effective demand is in direct contrast to the view underlying classical economics that demand is that existing in equilibrium.

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CHECK CLEARING: The process in which reserves or funds are transferred among banks to settle the accounts of checks written on one account and deposited into another. Check clearing is the heart and sole of daily banking activity and the final step in the use of checkable deposits as the medium of exchange for conducting transactions in the economy. Check clearing is facilitated by central clearinghouses, including the Federal Reserve System and a number of private organizations. The check clearing process is also a key component of the money creation process.

     See also | money creation | money creation, the process | bank balance sheet | goldsmith banking | goldsmith money creation | deposit expansion multiplier | money multiplier | seigniorage | banks | banking | money | fractional-reserve banking | bank reserves | required reserves | excess reserves | checkable deposits | monetary economics | liquidity | financial markets | commodity money | fiat money | value in use | value in exchange | production | Federal Reserve System | central bank | monetary policy | bank panic | bank run | monetary aggregates |


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FEDERAL FUNDS

A common term for Federal Reserve deposits held by commercial banks, especially when these deposits are loaned between banks through the Federal funds market. The interest rate charged for these interbank loans is termed the Federal funds rate. Federal funds are used by individual banks to meet reserve requirements and the total held by the banking system is manipulated by the Federal Reserve System in the conduct of monetary policy.

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