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November 7, 2025 

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BUDGET: A statement of the financial position of an entity--especially household, business, or government--based on estimates of anticipated revenues and expenditures. A budget is balanced if the revenues and expenditures are equal. A budget deficit arises if expenditures exceed revenues and a budget surplus exists if revenues are greater than expenditures.

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DEMERIT GOOD: A good that society, usually government, deems is overvalued by consumers in normal market exchanges. As such, governments typically restrict the consumption of demerit goods through policies such as taxes or direct government control. Demerit goods are often have characteristics of quasi-public goods or externality by-products. Examples include tobacco and narcotic drugs. The counter type of good is a merit good.

     See also | good | good types | externalities | near-public good | quasi-public good | by-product | government functions | merit good | voluntary exchange |


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DEMERIT GOOD, AmosWEB GLOSS*arama, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2025. [Accessed: November 7, 2025].


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SIGNALLING

When confronted by asymmetric information, the use of small bits of information, or indicators, that suggest more comprehensive information. Signalling is used by those with more information to reduce the cost of informing those with less information. It is commonly used in markets with adverse selection. Methods of signalling include advertising, brand names, and warranties. A related method is screening.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time searching for a specialty store wanting to buy either a wall poster commemorating the 2000 Olympics or a flower arrangement with a lot of roses for your grandmother. Be on the lookout for poorly written technical manuals.
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This isn't me! What am I?

John Maynard Keynes was born the same year Karl Marx died.
"Whenever an individual or a business decides that success has been attained, progress stops. "

-- Thomas Watson Jr., IBM executive

JPUBE
Journal of Public Economics
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