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December 7, 2025 

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MARGIN REQUIREMENT: The fraction of the purchase price of financial investments, like stocks and bonds, that the buyer must pay for in cash. The remaining part of the purchase price can thus be financed with credit.

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EXTERNALITIES: Costs or benefits that are not included in the market price of a good because they are not included in the supply price or the demand price. Pollution is an example of an externality cost if producers aren't the ones who suffer from pollution damages. Education is an example of an externality benefit when members of society other than students benefit from a more educated population. Externality is one type of market failure that causes inefficiency.

     See also | opportunity cost | market | supply price | demand price | market failure | efficiency | pollution | materials balance | good types | Pigouvian tax | Coase theorem |


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EXTERNALITIES, AmosWEB GLOSS*arama, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2025. [Accessed: December 7, 2025].


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VERTICAL MERGER

The consolidation of two or more separately-owned businesses, that have an input-output relation, into a single firm. This is one of three types of mergers. The other two are horizontal merger--two competing firms in the same industry that sell the same products--and conglomerate merger--two firms in separate, unrelated industries.

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APLS

GREEN LOGIGUIN
[What's This?]

Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at an auction seeking to buy either a computer that can play video games and burn DVDs or a black duffle bag with velcro closures. Be on the lookout for jovial bank tellers.
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In 1914, Ford paid workers who were age 22 or older $5 per day -- double the average wage offered by other car factories.
"Use, do not abuse; neither abstinence nor excess ever renders man happy."

-- Voltaire, philosopher

GSP
Gross State Product
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