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ENTRY BARRIERS: Institutional, government, technological, or economic restrictions on the entry of firms into a market or industry. The four primary barriers to entry are: resource ownership, patents and copyrights, government restrictions, and start-up costs. Barriers to entry are a key reason for market control and the inefficiency that this generates. In particular, monopoly, oligopoly, monopsony, and oligopsony often owe their market control to assorted barriers to entry. By way of contrast, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and monopsonistic competition have few if any barriers to entry and thus little or no market control.
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                           SPECIALIZATION: The condition in which resources are primarily devoted to specific production tasks. This is one of THE most important and most fundamental notions in the study of economics. Civilized human beings have long recognized that limited resources can be more effectively used in the production of the goods and services that satisfy unlimited wants and needs if those resources specialize. Specialization is closely related to the concept of labor',500,400)">division of labor. To the extent that specific production tasks are divided among different workers, each worker is able to specialize. If every worker performs every task, then specialization is not possible. Hot Fudge SundaesSuppose, for example, that three workers are involved in the production of hot fudge sundaes. Total hot fudge sundae production can be greater through specialization. One worker retrieves the dish, another scoops the ice cream, and a third adds the hot fudge topping. By devoting their energies to learning how to do their respective tasks really, really well, these three workers can produce more hot fudge sundaes than if each performed all required tasks.More than LaborExamples of labor specialization are prevalent throughout the economy. However, specialization works for all resources--labor, capital, land, and entrepreneurship. - Consider the case of capital. Different tools, machinery, equipment, buildings, factories, and other structures are typically designed for specific purposes. A hammer, for example, is well-suited for driving nails into wood, but it is not well-suited for removing spark plugs from automobile engines. A socket wrench works much better. Special tools work best for specific tasks.
- Land also tends to be more productive when it specializes. Flat land, in a temperate climate, with abundant sunshine, and periodic rainfall works quite well in agricultural production. However, if it does not contain petroleum reserves or mineral deposits, it does not function well in the mining industry. By contrast, a steep mountain slope atop a rich supply of copper ore is a productive input in the mining industry, but is not well-suited for agricultural production.
Seeking SpecializationWhen resources, especially labor, specialize in particular production tasks, they tend to become more productive. This can be achieved either naturally or through modification, especially the education and training of workers.- Harold "Hair Doo" Dueterman, for example, is a naturally talented and gifted athlete, who specializes in playing center field for the Shady Valley Primadonnas baseball team. He has the natural speed, agility, strength, and hand-eye coordination needed to hit a baseball approaching him at ninety miles an hour. However, his specialization has been enhanced by years of practice and training.
- The medical building used by Dr. Dowrimple T. Bedside was originally (that is, naturally) constructed for use as medical offices. However, over the years, Dr. Bedside has remodeled his offices to function even more effectively in the provision of medical care.
Recommended Citation:SPECIALIZATION, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2025. [Accessed: July 18, 2025].
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Rosemary, long associated with remembrance, was worn as wreaths by students in ancient Greece during exams.
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"A winner is someone who recognizes his God-given talents, works his tail off to develop them into skills, and uses those skills to accomplish his goals. " -- Larry Bird, basketball player
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