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KINKED-DEMAND CURVE ANALYSIS: An analysis that seeks to explain rigid oligopolistic prices using the kinked-demand curve. The kinked demand curve contains two distinct segments, one for higher prices that is more elastic and one for lower prices that is less elastic. The corresponding marginal revenue curve contains a vertical segment at the existing or initial quantity. Because a profit-maximizing oligopolistic firm equates marginal cost to marginal revenue, marginal cost also can take on a range of values at the existing quantity. In other words, marginal cost can increase or decrease without inducing a profit-maximizing oligopolistic firm to change price or quantity.
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                           INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE: A given proportional change in all resources in the long run results in a proportional greater change in production. Increasing returns to scale exists if a firm increases ALL resources--labor, capital, and other inputs--by a given proportion (say 10 percent) and output increases by more than this proportion (that is more than 10 percent). This is one of three returns to scale. The other two are decreasing returns to scale and constant returns to scale. Increasing returns to scale results if long run production changes are greater than the proportional changes in all inputs used by a firm.Suppose, for example, that The Wacky Willy Company employs 1,000 workers in a 5,000 square foot factory to produce 1 million Stuffed Amigos (those cute and cuddly armadillos, tarantulas, and scorpions) each month. Increasing returns to scale exists if the scale of operation expands to 2,000 workers in a 10,000 square foot factory (a doubling of the inputs) and production increases by more than 2 million Stuffed Amigos. The anticipated pattern for most production activities is that increasing returns to scale emerge for relatively small levels of production, which is then followed by constant returns to scale and decreasing returns to scale. Increasing returns to scale are the flip slide of economies of scale. Whereas economies of scale focus on changes in average cost, increasing returns to scale focus on production. Economies of scale indicate that long-run average cost decreases, which corresponds to increasing returns to scale in terms of output. Do not confuse increasing returns to scale with increasing marginal returns. While these phrases sound similar, they are quite different. Increasing returns to scale relate to the long run in which all inputs are variable. Increasing marginal returns related to the short run in which one or more input is variable and one or more input is fixed. The existence of fixed inputs in the short run gives rise to increasing marginal returns. In particular, decreasing marginal returns result because the capacity of the fixed input or inputs is being reached. However, in the long run, there are no fixed inputs.
Recommended Citation:INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2023. [Accessed: February 9, 2023].
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time looking for a downtown retail store seeking to buy either a how-to book on wine tasting or a bookshelf that will fit in your closet. Be on the lookout for broken fingernail clippers.
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Paper money used by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts prior to the U.S. Revolutionary War, which was issued against the dictates of Britain, was designed by patriot and silversmith, Paul Revere.
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"Do you want to be safe and good, or do you want to take a chance and be great?" -- Jimmy Johnson, Football Coach
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DIDMCA
Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act
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