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November 10, 2025 

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OLIGOPOLY, CONCENTRATION: Oligopoly is a market structure that contains a small number of relatively large firms, meaning oligopoly markets tend to be concentrated. A small number of large firms account for a majority of total output. Concentration unto itself is not necessarily bad, but it often leads to inefficient behavior, such as collusion and nonprice competition. Concentration is measured in three ways--market share, concentration ratio, Herfindahl index.

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FACTOR MARKET, EFFICIENCY: A factor market achieves efficiency in the allocation of resources by equating marginal revenue product to factor price. Perfect competition, as the efficiency benchmark, is the only market structure to satisfy this criterion and achieve factor market efficiency. Monopsony, oligopsony, and monopsonistic competition are inefficient because they equate marginal revenue product to marginal factor cost, both of which are greater than factor price.

     See also | factor market analysis | perfect competition, factor market analysis | monopsony, factor market analysis | monopoly, factor market analysis | bilateral monopoly, factor market analysis | monopsony, efficiency | factors of production | factor demand | factor supply | production | factor payments | market structures | marginal revenue product | marginal factor cost | efficiency | perfect competition | monopsony | oligopsony | monopsonistic competition | market structures | market control | monopsony, minimum wage | marginal productivity theory | compensating wage differentials | marginal revenue product and factor demand |


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AVERAGE PHYSICAL PRODUCT

The quantity of total output produced per unit of a variable input, holding all other inputs fixed. Average physical product, usually abbreviated APP, is found by dividing total physical product by the quantity of the variable input. Average product, which more often goes by the shorter name average product (AP), is one of two measures derived from total physical product. The other is marginal physical product.

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