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TAX PROPORTIONALITY: The proportion of income paid in taxes at different levels of income. In some taxes the proportion of income paid in taxes increases with income in other cases it decreases. And in still other cases, it remains the same. The three basic types of taxes are proportional taxes, progressive taxes, and regressive taxes. Because almost everyone would like to pay fewer taxes (and presumably have others pay more), tax proportionality is a the center of political controversy. Higher incomes prefer regressive taxes and lower incomes prefer regressive taxes.
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Lesson Contents
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Unit 1: Instability |
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Unit 2: A Simple Cycle |
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Unit 3: Measurement |
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Unit 4: Causes |
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Unit 5: Policies | |
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Business Cycles
To purpose of this lesson is to examine the nature and causes of macroeconomic instability, which goes by the handy title business cycles. Business cycles are the recurring expansions and contractions of economic activity that generate the problems of unemployment and inflation. This lesson explores how business cycles can be stabilized with the goal of lessening unemployment and inflation. - The notion of business cycles is introduced in the first unit of this lesson, with an eye on what they are and why they are important to study.
- The four components of a standard, simple business cycle -- expansion, peak, contraction, and trough -- are then presented and discussed in the second unit.
- The third unit is devoted to several key measures of business cycle activity, especially leading, lagging, and coincident indicators.
- A couple of the most often discussed causes of business-cycle instability -- investment and politics -- are discussed in the fourth unit.
- The fifth unit closes out this lesson with an introduction to the expansionary and contractionary economic policies used to stabilize business cycles.
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INEFFICIENT The state of resource allocation that exists when the highest level of consumer satisfaction is not achieved from available resources. This state occurs in market exchanges if the price buyers are willing and able to pay for a good does not reflect the satisfaction everyone obtains from the consuming the good or if the price sellers need to charge for a good does not reflect all opportunity cost of producing the good.
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GREEN LOGIGUIN
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time wandering around the shopping mall seeking to buy either storage boxes for your computer software CDs or a set of tires. Be on the lookout for small children selling products door-to-door.
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Only 1% of the U.S. population paid income taxes when the income tax was established in 1914.
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"Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will learn in no other. " -- Benjamin Franklin
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PTA
Preferential Trade Agreement
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