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URBANIZATION ECONOMIES: A reduction in production cost the results when diverse activities are located in a concentrated urban area. Urbanization economies applied to all types of activities that benefit from assorted urban "amenities" such as public utilities, government services, information services that are inclined to experience decreasing average cost with large scale production. If, for example, a city has sufficient demand for a more efficiency, larger scale electrical generation plant, then everyone can benefit from lower electricity rates.
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INNOVATION The initial application of new products, technologies, and ideas that usually generate a beneficial improvement in society and the economy. In contrast to an invention, which is the act of creation, an innovation is the implementation of a product, technology, or idea. Innovations are changes in existing institutions and the status quo, prompted by risk-taking entrepreneurs, that promote prosperity and improved living standards.
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Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen were the 1st Nobel Prize winners in Economics in 1969.
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"Whatever course you decide upon, there is always someone to tell you that you are wrong. There are always difficulties arising which tempt you to believe that your critics are right. To map out a course of action and follow it to an end requires...courage." -- Ralph Waldo Emerson
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SPO Strongly Pareto Optimal
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