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PAR VALUE: The stated, or face, value of a legal claim or financial asset. For debt securities, such as corporate bonds or U. S. Treasury securities, this is amount to be repaid at the time of maturity. For equity securities, that is, corporate stocks, this is the initial value set up at the time it is issued. Par value, also called face value, is not necessarily, and often is not, equal to the current market price of the asset. A $10,000 U.S. Treasury note, for example, has a par value of $10,000, but might have a current market price of $9,950. The difference between par value and current price contributes to the yield or return on such assets. An asset is selling at a discount if the current price is less than the par value and is selling at a premium if the current price is more than the par value.
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                           CONSTANT-COST INDUSTRY: A perfectly competitive industry with a horizontal long-run industry supply curve that results because expansion of the industry causes no change in production cost or resource prices. A constant-cost industry occurs because the entry of new firms, prompted by an increase in demand, does not affect the long-run average cost curve of individual firms, which means the minimum efficient scale of production does not change. The primary reason for a constant-cost industry is that an increase in demand has no impact on production cost or the long-run average cost curve as new firms entering the industry obtain resources at constant prices. The entry of new firms into the retail industry, for example, can employ workers at the same wage as existing firms.First Demand The Constant-Cost
Zucchini Industry | 
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The perfectly competitive Shady Valley zucchini market can be used to illustrate a constant-cost industry. The original market equilibrium is presented in the exhibit to the right, with the supply curve S and the demand curve D. The market equilibrium price is Pe and the equilibrium quantity is Qe.The first step in identifying the long-run industry supply curve for a constant-cost industry is with an increase in demand. Click the [Demand Shift] button to illustrate the shift of the demand curve to D'. Note that with the increase in demand, the market price of zucchinis increases to Pe' and the equilibrium quantity rises to Qe'. The higher price and larger quantity are achieved as each existing firm in the industry responds to the demand shock. The higher price that buyers are willing to pay induces existing firms to increase their quantities supplied as they move along their individual marginal cost curves. The market, as such, moves along the original market supply curve from one equilibrium point to a higher equilibrium point. However, the higher price leads to above-normal economic profit for existing firms. And with freedom of entry and exit, economic profit attracts kumquat, cucumber, and carrot producers into this zucchini industry. An increase in the number of firms in the zucchini industry then causes the market supply curve to shift. How far this curve shifts and where it intersects the new demand curve, D', determines that the zucchini market is a constant-cost industry. The Supply ResponseEconomic profit induces non-zucchini firms to enter the zucchini industry. People like Dan the kumquat man begin producing zucchinis. As these new firms enter the zucchini industry, the market supply curve shifts rightward. The shift of the supply curve to S' can be seen with a click of the [Supply Shift] button. This new supply curve intersects the new demand curve, D', at the equilibrium price of Pe and the equilibrium quantity of Qo.The key for a constant-cost industry is how far the supply curve shifts. For a constant-cost industry the shift matches the shift of the demand curve. As new firms enter the industry, they pay the same resource prices and incur the same higher production cost as existing firms. Whatever the actual resource price, the end result is that the long-run average cost curve does not change. The minimum efficient scale for a given perfectly competitive firm is the same. This means that they can produce the extra quantity demanded by the zucchini buyers at the same per unit cost that had prevailed. The main point of interest is that the new equilibrium price is equal to the original. To display the resulting long-run supply curve for this constant-cost industry click the [Long-Run Supply Curve] button. The horizontal slope of the this long-run industry supply curve (LRS) indicates a constant-cost industry.
Recommended Citation:CONSTANT-COST INDUSTRY, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2019. [Accessed: August 18, 2019].
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time visiting every yard sale in a 30-mile radius trying to buy either clothing for your pet dog or an ink cartridge for your printer. Be on the lookout for fairy dust that tastes like salt.
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Woodrow Wilson's portrait adorned the $100,000 bill that was removed from circulation in 1929. Woodrow Wilson was removed from circulation in 1924.
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IDA
International Development Association
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