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July 26, 2024 

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LERNER INDEX: The difference between price (p) and marginal cost (mc) as a fraction of price, that is [p-mc]/p. The Lerner index is usually taken as an indicator of market power because the larger the index, the larger the difference between price and marginal cost, that is, the larger the distance between the price and the competitive price. The Lerner index depends on the elasticity of demand. The Lerner index is also called the price-cost margin.

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BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS: An analytical technique that compares the benefit generated by an activity with its opportunity cost of production. The rule is that if benefits exceed costs, then the activity is efficient and should be undertaken. In some cases the end result of benefit-cost analysis is net benefits, which is benefits minus cost. A positive value means the activity is efficient. In other cases the end result of benefit-cost analysis is a benefit-cost ratio, which is benefits divided by costs. A ratio greater than 1.0 is thus the indication of an efficient activity.

     See also | opportunity cost | efficiency | benefit-cost ratio | government | market | price | household | business | public good | good types | ability-to-pay principle | benefit principle |


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LONG-RUN AVERAGE COST

The per unit cost of producing a good or service in the long run when all inputs under the control of the firm are variable. In other words, long-run total cost divided by the quantity of output produced. Long-run average cost is guided by returns to scale.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time looking for the new strip mall out on the highway wanting to buy either a how-to book on home remodeling or a tall storage cabinet with five shelves and a secure lock. Be on the lookout for the last item on a shelf.
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The first paper notes printed in the United States were in denominations of 1 cent, 5 cents, 25 cents, and 50 cents.
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