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November 12, 2025 

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USER CHARGE: A tax that's disguised as a price--a charge for the use of a publicly provided good. Government produces and supplies a number of near-public goods, like education, libraries, parks, and transportation systems. The "prices" for these goods are user charges. The logic is that people who benefit from the good and are willing to pay, should pay for them. While this helps pay production costs, it tends to be inefficient.

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ABILITY-TO-PAY PRINCIPLE: A principle of taxation in which taxes are based on the income or resource-ownership ability of people to pay the tax. The income tax collected by our friends at the Internal Revenue Service is one of the most common taxes that seeks to abide by the ability-to-pay principle. In theory, the income tax system is set up such that people with greater incomes pay more taxes. Proportional and progressive taxes follow this ability-to-pay principle, while regressive taxes, such as sales taxes and Social Security taxes, don't.

     See also | benefit principle | tax | income | public goods | progressive tax | regressive tax | proportional tax | circular flow |


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ABILITY-TO-PAY PRINCIPLE, AmosWEB GLOSS*arama, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2025. [Accessed: November 12, 2025].


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AGGREGATE SUPPLY DECREASE, SHORT-RUN AGGREGATE MARKET

A shock to the short-run aggregate market caused by a decrease in aggregate supply, resulting in and illustrated by a leftward shift of the short-run aggregate supply curve. A decrease in aggregate supply in the short-run aggregate market results in an increase in the price level and a decrease in real production. The level of real production resulting from the shock can be greater or less than full-employment real production.

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There were no banks in colonial America before the U.S. Revolutionary War. Anyone seeking a loan did so from another individual.
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