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July 26, 2024 

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DEFAULT RISK: The probability that a borrowing agent will not pay in full the agreed interest and/or principal. A default risk can be assigned to any bond or loan agreement. Of course, there are some instruments considered default-risk-free, that is, instruments for which the probability that a borrowing agent will not pay is zero. The most noted examples are the U.S. Treasury securities, which have virtually no default risk because the U.S. government guarantees that all the principal and interest will be repaid. When calculating the risk premium on financial instruments, investors use default-risk-free instruments for comparison.

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CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE: A given proportionate increase in all resources in the long run results in the same proportionate increase in production. Constant returns to scale exists if a firm increases ALL resources -- labor, capital, and everything else -- by 10%, and output also increases by 10%. You might want to compare increasing returns to scale and decreasing returns to scale. Returns to scale are the flip side of economies of scale and diseconomies of scale. Although economies and diseconomies of scale focus on changes in average cost, returns to scale focus on production.

     See also | resources | labor | capital | increasing returns to scale | decreasing returns to scale | diseconomies of scale | economies of scale | long-run average cost | output |


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CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE, AmosWEB GLOSS*arama, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2024. [Accessed: July 26, 2024].


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EXPLICIT COLLUSION

A formal, usually secret, collusion agreement among competing firms (mostly oligopolistic firms) in an industry designed to control the market, raise the market price, and otherwise act like a monopoly. Also termed overt collusion, the distinguishing feature of explicit collusion is that it involves some sort of agreement among the colluding firms. This is one of two types of collusion. The other is implicit or tacit collusion, which does not involve an explicit agreement.

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