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SCARCE: The general condition indicating that a good or resource is limited relative to the what people want. In terms of ALL resources and goods throughout society, the related term scarcity is used. Being scarce is what makes it possible to exchange goods and resources through markets, and most importantly, charge a price. If a good is not scarce, which means that the economy has more than enough to satisfy all available uses, then there is no way to sell it. Who would buy such an item, pay a price for it, give up something of value in exchange for it, when it is so abundant? Likewise, if a item is so abundant, using it to satisfy one use does not impose an opportunity cost on other uses.

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DECREASING RETURNS TO SCALE: A given proportionate increase in all resources in the long run results in a proportionately smaller increase in production. Decreasing returns to scale exists if a firm increases ALL resources -- labor, capital, and other inputs -- by 10%, and output increases by less than 10%. You might want to compare increasing returns to scale and constant returns to scale.

     See also | resources | labor | capital | increasing returns to scale | constant returns to scale | diseconomies of scale | long-run average cost | output |


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FOUR-SECTOR KEYNESIAN MODEL

A Keynesian model of the macroeconomy that includes all four macroeconomic sectors, the household sector, the business sector, the government sector, and the foreign sector. This Keynesian model variation adds the foreign to the three domestic sectors (household, business, and government) in the three-sector model. This model provides the complete Keynesian representation of the macroeconomy, including the export-import interaction between the domestic economy and the foreign sector. Equilibrium is identified as the intersection between the C + I + G + (X - M) line and the 45-degree line. Two related variations are the two-sector Keynesian model and the three-sector Keynesian model.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time calling an endless list of 800 numbers hoping to buy either a replacement remote control for your stereo system or a computer that can play video games and burn DVDs. Be on the lookout for jovial bank tellers.
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Post WWI induced hyperinflation in German in the early 1900s raised prices by 726 million times from 1918 to 1923.
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