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July 18, 2025 

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ACTUAL INVESTMENT: Investment expenditures that the business sector actual undertakes during a given time period, including both planned investment and any unplanned inventory changes. This is a critical component of Keynesian economics and the analysis of macroeconomic equilibrium, which occurs when actual investment is equal to planned investment. The difference between planned and actual investment is unplanned investment, which is inventory changes caused by a difference between aggregate expenditures and aggregate output. Should actual and planned investment differ, then aggregate expenditures are not equal to aggregate output, and the macroeconomy is not in equilibrium.

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CONSUMER SURPLUS: The satisfaction that consumers obtain from a good over and above the price paid. This is the difference between the maximum demand price that you would be willing to pay and the price that you actually pay. For most consumers, under most circumstances, the demand price is greater than the price paid. Even competitive markets overflowing with efficiency generate an ample amount of consumer surplus.

     See also | satisfaction | demand | demand curve | demand price | price | competitive market | efficiency | producer surplus | diamond-water paradox |


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CONSUMER SURPLUS, AmosWEB GLOSS*arama, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2025. [Accessed: July 18, 2025].


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DISEQUILIBRIUM PRICE

A price that does not achieve equilibrium in the market. A disequilibrium price is either above or below the equilibrium price. A price below the equilibrium price creates a shortage and a price above the equilibrium price creates a surplus. In both case, the market imbalance prompts the price to change, moving toward the equilibrium price.

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