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July 8, 2025 

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LONG RUN, MACROECONOMICS: In terms of the macroeconomic analysis of the aggregate market, a period of time in which all prices, especially wages, are flexible, and have achieved their equilibrium levels. This is one of two macroeconomic time designations; the other is the short run. Long-run wage and price flexibility means that ALL markets, including resources markets and most notably labor markets, are in equilibrium, with neither surpluses nor shortages. Wage and price flexibility and the resulting resource market equilibria are the reason for the vertical long-run aggregate supply curve.

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DISEQUILIBRIUM: The state that exists when opposing forces do not offset each other and there is an inherent tendency for change. Disequilibrium is most noted in market analysis in which the opposing forces are demand (the buyers) and supply (the sellers). The result is either a shortage, which entices the market price to rise, or a surplus, which entices the market price to fall.

     See also | equilibrium | market | aggregate market | demand | supply | price | shortage | surplus |


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LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY

A principle stating that as the quantity of a good consumed increases, eventually each additional unit of the good provides less additional utility--that is, marginal utility decreases. Each subsequent unit of a good is valued less than the previous one. The law of diminishing marginal utility helps to explain the negative slope of the demand curve and the law of demand.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at an auction wanting to buy either a square lamp shade with frills along the bottom or an electric coffee pot with automatic shutoff. Be on the lookout for defective microphones.
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Okun's Law posits that the unemployment rate increases by 1% for every 2% gap between real GDP and full-employment real GDP.
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