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November 12, 2025 

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EXCESS DEMAND: A disequilibrium condition in a competitive market in which the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied, hence there's "extra" demand. Pointy-headed economists generally use the more technical term shortage rather than excess demand. The reason, of course, is that shortage has two syllables and excess demand has four. The time saved in pronouncing two syllables rather than four is a definite efficiency plus for the entire economy.

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RATE OF RETURN: The ratio of the additional annual income or profit generated by an investment to the cost of the investment. Here's a simple example, although the calculations are usually a great deal more involved for actual investments. If the cost of constructing a new factory is $10 million and it gives you an extra $1 million in profit each year, then its rate of return is 10 percent.

     See also | interest rate | investment | financial markets | income | profit | uncertainty | capital | human capital | education | infrastructure | yield |


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MARGINAL FACTOR COST, PERFECT COMPETITION

The change in total factor cost resulting from a change in the quantity of factor input employed by a perfectly competitive firm. Marginal factor cost, abbreviated MFC, indicates how total factor cost changes with the employment of one more input. It is found by dividing the change in total factor cost by the change in the quantity of input used. Marginal factor cost is compared with marginal revenue product to identify the profit-maximizing quantity of input to hire.

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BEIGE MUNDORTLE
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at an auction wanting to buy either a desktop calendar with all federal and state holidays highlighted or a half-dozen helium filled balloons. Be on the lookout for telephone calls from former employers.
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Mark Twain said "I wonder how much it would take to buy soap buble if there was only one in the world."
"The art of leadership is saying no, not yes. It is very easy to say yes. "

-- Tony Blair, British prime minister

LRTC
Long Run Total Cost
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