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LONG-RUN TOTAL COST: The opportunity cost incurred by all of the factors of production used in the long run (when all inputs are variable) by a firm to produce of a good or service, including wages paid to labor, rent paid for the land, interest paid to capital owners, and a normal profit paid to entrepreneurs. Unlike short-run total cost, long-run total cost can not be separated into fixed cost and variable cost. In the long run, all inputs are variable, so all cost is variable.

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Lesson Contents
Unit 1: The Fed
  • King Clarence
  • What It Is
  • Unit 1 Summary
  • Unit 2: What It Does
  • Money Control
  • Instability
  • Unit 2 Summary
  • Unit 3: The Fed Pyramid
  • Overview
  • Top
  • Middle
  • Base
  • Unit 3 Summary
  • Unit 4: Monetary Policy
  • Overview
  • Overview: Graphs
  • Open Market Operations
  • Discount Rate
  • Reserve Requirements
  • Moral Suasion
  • Unit 4 Summary
  • Unit 5: Issues
  • Policies
  • Unit 5 Summary
  • Course Home
    Federal Reserve System

    In this lesson, we take a detailed look at the government entity that is directly responsible for controlling the money supply and undertaking business-cycle stabilizing monetary policy -- the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve System is the U.S. economy's number one bank regulator. And they do this regulation with the goal of ensuring the that the nation has just the right about money to avoid high rates of unemployment and inflation. To understand how the Federal Reserve System does it's job, we take a close look at how it is structure and policy tools it has under its' control.

    • The first unit introduces the Federal Reserve System, with a discussion of King Clarence and his role in assisting the operations of Fred the Goldsmith.
    • In the second unit we take a look at the importance of controlling the banking system, and the consequences if the control is ineffective.
    • The structure of the Federal Reserve System is examined in the third unit, with the highlights being the Chairman of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Open Market Committee.
    • The fourth unit then explores the assorted policy tools used by the Federal Reserve System to control the banking system and the money supply, including open market operations, discount rate, and reserve requirements.
    • We close out this lesson in the fifth unit with a few thoughts on the role politics play in the formulation of monetary policies.

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    BALANCE ON SERVICES

    A subset of the balance of payments current account that records the difference between the payments received for exports of services to other nations and the payments made for the imports of services from other nations. The flow of payments is for intangible services, not for physical or tangible goods. The balance on services is thus appropriately divided into services exported and services imported. Two other subsets of the current account include the balance on merchandise trade and unilateral transfers. The commonly termed balance of trade is the sum of the balance on merchandise trade and the balance on services.

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    Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at a garage sale wanting to buy either a rechargeable battery for your computer or shoe laces for your snow boots. Be on the lookout for spoiled cheese hiding under your bed hatching conspiracies against humanity.
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    Cyrus McCormick not only invented the reaper for harvesting grain, he also invented the installment payment for selling his reaper.
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