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IN-KIND PAYMENT: A payment, usually in exchange for the productive efforts of resources, that takes the form of goods and services rather than the economy's standard monetary unit (that is, dollars). In other words, resource owners are compensated with a portion of the output that they helped to produce. The standard method of compensation, which is illustrated by the circular flow model, is for a firm to pay resource owners using money revenue received from selling its production. Hence most factor payments are monetary payments. However, in some circumstances firms and resource owners find it more convenient to use actual production for compensation, eliminating the middle sell-production-for-money step

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Lesson Contents
Unit 1: The Fed
  • King Clarence
  • What It Is
  • Unit 1 Summary
  • Unit 2: What It Does
  • Money Control
  • Instability
  • Unit 2 Summary
  • Unit 3: The Fed Pyramid
  • Overview
  • Top
  • Middle
  • Base
  • Unit 3 Summary
  • Unit 4: Monetary Policy
  • Overview
  • Overview: Graphs
  • Open Market Operations
  • Discount Rate
  • Reserve Requirements
  • Moral Suasion
  • Unit 4 Summary
  • Unit 5: Issues
  • Policies
  • Unit 5 Summary
  • Course Home
    Federal Reserve System

    In this lesson, we take a detailed look at the government entity that is directly responsible for controlling the money supply and undertaking business-cycle stabilizing monetary policy -- the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve System is the U.S. economy's number one bank regulator. And they do this regulation with the goal of ensuring the that the nation has just the right about money to avoid high rates of unemployment and inflation. To understand how the Federal Reserve System does it's job, we take a close look at how it is structure and policy tools it has under its' control.

    • The first unit introduces the Federal Reserve System, with a discussion of King Clarence and his role in assisting the operations of Fred the Goldsmith.
    • In the second unit we take a look at the importance of controlling the banking system, and the consequences if the control is ineffective.
    • The structure of the Federal Reserve System is examined in the third unit, with the highlights being the Chairman of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Open Market Committee.
    • The fourth unit then explores the assorted policy tools used by the Federal Reserve System to control the banking system and the money supply, including open market operations, discount rate, and reserve requirements.
    • We close out this lesson in the fifth unit with a few thoughts on the role politics play in the formulation of monetary policies.

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    INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE

    A given proportional change in all resources in the long run results in a proportional greater change in production. Increasing returns to scale exists if a firm increases ALL resources--labor, capital, and other inputs--by a given proportion (say 10 percent) and output increases by more than this proportion (that is more than 10 percent). This is one of three returns to scale. The other two are decreasing returns to scale and constant returns to scale.

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    APLS

    BLACK DISMALAPOD
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    Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time flipping through mail order catalogs trying to buy either 500 feet of coaxial cable or a coffee cup commemorating the 1960 Presidential election. Be on the lookout for telephone calls from former employers.
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    The standard "debt" notation I.O.U. does not mean "I owe you," but actually stands for "I owe unto..."
    "All labor that uplifts humanity has dignity and importance and should be undertaken with painstaking excellence. "

    -- Martin Luther King Jr., civil rights leader

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