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ENDPOINT FORMULA: A simple technique for calculating the coefficient of elasticity that estimates the elasticity for discrete changes in two variables, A and B. The distinguishing characteristic of this formula is that percentage changes are calculated based on the initial values of each variable. This is much simpler than the midpoint formula, which is based on the percentage change from an average of the initial and ending values. The primary problem with the endpoint formula is that different elasticity values are obtained for price increases than for price decreases of the same segment of the demand curve.
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                           DISCOURAGED WORKERS: People who are willing and able to engage in productive activities, but due to their overwhelming lack of success have stopped seeking employment. Discouraged workers believe that any effort to find a job will be fruitless. Discouraged workers fall within the broader category of marginally-attached workers, people who are willing and able to work, who have either held a job or searched for employment within the last year, but are not actively seeking employment. People are marginally attached to the labor force for a variety of reasons, discouraged workers achieve their designation because they believe search efforts would not be worthwhile. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) officially designates someone as a discourage worker if they have not been actively seeking employment for one of the following reasons: (1) they believe there are no jobs available in their area or line of work, (2) they just could not find work, (3) they feel that they lack the skills, training, or education needed for available jobs, (4) they think employers feel they are too young or too old, or (5) they feel they are subject to some other type of discrimination.Peter Pankovic provides an example of a discouraged worker. Peter once had a job, a well-paying job at the HyFy Electronics Company (a leading record-player manufacturer). But when HyFy Electronics Company went bankrupt, Peter lost his job and has not been able to find another. During the first six months of unemployment, Peter actively searched for other jobs. But none were found. So he simply gave up. Over the past year, Peter has resigned himself to sleeping on his sister's sofa and eating left over pizza crust. He would like to work. And someday he will once again seek employment. But for now, he does nothing. Discouraged workers are excluded from the estimation of the "official" unemployment rate. Because discourage workers are NOT actively seeking employment, the Bureau of Labor Statistics relegates them to the not in the labor force category, meaning they are not officially considered to be unemployed persons nor in the civilian labor force. Excluding discouraged workers means the official unemployment rate tends to understate the severity of unemployed labor resources in the economy. However, the BLS does provide an alternative measure of unemployment (officially labeled U4) that includes discouraged workers. Including discouraged workers in the unemployment rate adds up to one-half a percentage point (such as from 5.0 percent to 5.5 percent). However, the number of discouraged workers, and their impact on the unemployment rate, changes over the course of the business cycle. - During business-cycle expansions, when the economy is growing, jobs are aplenty, and finding employment is relatively easy, fewer workers become discouraged. As such, their inclusion in the unemployment rate adds only one to two-tenths of a percentage point (such as from 4.5 percent to 4.6 percent).
- During business-cycle contractions, when the economy is shrinking, jobs are few and far between, and finding employment is relatively hard, more workers are prone to become discouraged. As such, their inclusion in the unemployment rate adds a half of a percentage point or more (such as from 7.0 percent to 7.5 percent).
 Recommended Citation:DISCOURAGED WORKERS, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2025. [Accessed: February 8, 2025]. Check Out These Related Terms... | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Or For A Little Background... | | | | | | | | | | And For Further Study... | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Related Websites (Will Open in New Window)... | |
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RED AGGRESSERINE [What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time wandering around the downtown area trying to buy either a replacement remote control for your television or a replacement nozzle for your shower. Be on the lookout for telephone calls from former employers. Your Complete Scope
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Parker Brothers, the folks who produce the Monopoly board game, prints more Monopoly money each year than real currency printed by the U.S. government.
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"Learn to enjoy every minute of your life. Be happy now. Don't wait for something outside of yourself to make you happy in the future. Think how really precious is the time you have to spend, whether it's at work or with your family. Every minuteshould be enjoyed and savored." -- Earl Nightingale
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JEP Journal of Economic Perspectives
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