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DEADWEIGHT LOSS: A net loss in social welfare that results because the benefit generated by an action differs from the foregone opportunity cost. This is usually the combination of lost consumer surplus and lost producer surplus, and indicates of the inefficiency of a situation. Deadweight loss is commonly illustrated by a market diagram if the quantity of output produced results in a demand price that exceeds the supply price. The triangle formed by the demand curve above, supply curve below, and quantity to the left is the area of deadweight loss. If demand price equals supply price, this triangle disappears and so too does the deadweight loss. Deadweight loss can result from government actions (taxes, price controls) or from market failures (externalities, market control)
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                           INCOME CHANGE, UTILITY ANALYSIS: A disruption of consumer equilibrium identified with utility analysis caused by changes in the buyers' income, which results in a change in the quantities of the goods consumed. The change in buyers' income alters the income constraint and forces a reevaluation of the rule of consumer equilibrium. Utility analysis can be used to illustrate how a change in income alters the consumer equilibrium combination of goods consumed. With more or less income, a consumer is able to purchase larger or smaller quantities of the goods. This particular utility analysis of consumer equilibrium provides insight into the buyers' income demand determinant.A Review of Consumer Equilibrium| Pretzels and Sundaes |  |
First, a review of consumer equilibrium is in order. An Income ChangeThe key point of analysis is to pose the question: What occurs if Duncan has a change in income? In particular, suppose that Duncan has a boost in his snack budget from $20 to $26. How might the consumer equilibrium quantities of pretzels and hot fudge sundaes change?To answer this question, the original consumer equilibrium must be reevaluated. If Duncan continues to consume 3 sundaes and 4 pretzels, he spends only $20, but his new budget constraint is now $26. Duncan has $6 extra dollars to spend. Given that sundaes are $4 and pretzels are $2, why not consume one more of each? Doing so uses up the extra $6. Click the [Income Change] button in the adjoining exhibit to highlight this new option. | Pretzels and Sundaes | |
- All Income Spent: The combination of 5 pretzels and 4 hot fudge sundaes seems to be an appropriate choice of the two goods. With this new income, Duncan spends $10 on pretzels and $16 on hot fudge sundaes, which now exhausts the larger amount of income.
- Consumer Equilibrium: As it turns out, this new combination also satisfies the rule of consumer equilibrium and equates the marginal utility-price ratio for each good. The marginal utility of the last pretzel is 4 utils, giving a marginal utility-price ratio of 2 utils per dollar. The marginal utility of the last hot fudge sundae is 8 utils, also resulting in a marginal utility-price ratio of 2 utils per dollar. Consumer equilibrium is achieved.
- Utility Maximization: And with this new consumer equilibrium, utility is now maximized at a total of 96 utils. The purchase of 5 pretzels generates 40 utils of satisfaction and the consumption of 4 hot fudge sundaes adds another 56 utils. No other combination of pretzels and hot fudge sundaes purchased with $26 of income generates a greater level of utility.
It looks as though the option of buying one more of each good generates the new consumer equilibrium. The increase in income results in an increase in the quantity of the goods consumed. This means that both goods, in this example, are normal goods.
Recommended Citation:INCOME CHANGE, UTILITY ANALYSIS, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2025. [Accessed: June 14, 2025].
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time touring the new suburban shopping complex hoping to buy either a birthday gift for your uncle or a pair of red and purple designer socks. Be on the lookout for strangers with large satchels of used undergarments.
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Woodrow Wilson's portrait adorned the $100,000 bill that was removed from circulation in 1929. Woodrow Wilson was removed from circulation in 1924.
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