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June 16, 2026 

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ACCOUNTING COST: The actual outlays or expenses incurred in production that shows up a firm's accounting statements or records. Accounting costs, while very important to accountants, company CEOs, shareholders, and the Internal Revenue Service, is only minimally important to economists. The reason is that economists are primarily interested in economic cost (also called opportunity cost). That fact is that accounting costs and economic costs aren't always the same. An opportunity or economic cost is the value of foregone production. Some economic costs, actually a lot of economic opportunity costs, never show up as accounting costs. Moreover, some accounting costs, while legal, bonified payments by a firm, are not associated with any sort of opportunity cost.

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INEFFICIENCY: When the economy is NOT obtaining the highest level of consumer satisfaction from the available resources. Inefficiency occurs if it is possible to reallocate resources in a way that would generate greater satisfaction.

     See also | efficiency | satisfaction | resources | scarcity | opportunity cost | market failures | market control | public good | externalities | information | good types | public choice | bureaucracy | principal-agent problem | special interest group | rational abstention | government functions | fourth rule of competition | fifth rule of imperfection | sixth rule of ignorance |


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TOTAL REVENUE

The revenue received by a firm for the sale of its output. Total revenue is one two bits of information a firm needs to calculate economic profit, the other is total cost. In general, total revenue is the price times quantity--the price received for selling a good times the quantity of the good sold at that price. For a perfectly competitive firm, which receives a single unchanging price for all output sold, the calculation is relatively easy. For other real world firms, that charge different prices to different buyers for different quantities, the calculation can be more complex. Two other revenue measures directly related to total revenue are average revenue and marginal revenue. Total revenue is often depicted as a total revenue curve.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at a dollar discount store trying to buy either a birthday greeting card for your aunt or a wall poster commemorating the moon landing. Be on the lookout for infected paper cuts.
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Junk bonds are so called because they have a better than 50% chance of default, carrying a Standard & Poor's rating of CC or lower.
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