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M: The standard abbreviation for imports produced by the domestic economy and purchased by the foreign sector, especially when used in the study of macroeconomics. This abbreviation is most often seen in the aggregate expenditure equation, AE = C + I + G + (X - M), where C, I, G, and (X - M) represent expenditures by the four macroeconomic sectors, household, business, government, and foreign. The United States, for example, buys a lot of the stuff produced within the boundaries of other countries, including bananas, coffee, cars, chocolate, computers, and, well, a lot of other products. Imports, together with exports, are the essence of foreign trade--goods and services that are traded among the citizens of different nations. Imports and exports are frequently combined into a single term, net exports (exports minus imports).

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SUBSTITUTION EFFECT: One of two reasons for law of demand and the negative slope of the market demand curve (the other is the income effect). The substitution effect occurs because a change in the price of a good makes it relatively higher or lower than the prices of other goods that might act as substitutes. A higher price means that a good is more expensive relative to other goods, while a lower price means it's less expensive.

     See also | demand | demand curve | law of demand | slope | quantity demanded | income effect | demand price | substitute |


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SEIGNIORAGE

The difference between the face value, or value in exchange, of money and the cost of producing the money. This seigniorage is effectively the profit government generates from producing currency--printing paper bills or minting metal coins. That is, government effectively "makes money" by making money.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at the confiscated property police auction seeking to buy either a solid oak entertainment center or a remote controlled ceiling fan. Be on the lookout for jovial bank tellers.
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