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BARRIER TO ENTRY: An institutional, government, technological, or economic restriction on the entry of firms into a market or industry. The four primary barriers to entry are: resource ownership, patents and copyrights, government restrictions, and start-up costs. Barriers to entry are a key reason for market control and the inefficiency that this generates. In particular, monopoly, oligopoly, monopsony, and oligopsony often owe their market control to assorted barriers to entry. By way of contrast, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and monopsonistic competition have few if any barriers to entry and thus little or no market control.

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EXPENDITURE MULTIPLIER: The ratio of the change in aggregate output (or gross domestic product) to an autonomous change in an aggregate expenditure (consumption expenditures, investment expenditures, government purchases, or net exports). The expenditure multiplier is a key component of Keynesian economics and the study of macroeconomics, illustrating how a relatively small change in an expenditure like investment can trigger larger changes in aggregate output. The value of the expenditure multiplier depends on the marginal propensity to consume and other induced expenditures. Knowing the value of the expenditure multiplier can also indicate the amount of policy-induced government expenditures are needed to achieve a given level of aggregate output (presumably full-employment output).

     See also | multiplier | Keynesian economics | macroeconomics | aggregate output | aggregate expenditures | autonomous change | marginal propensity to consume | induced expenditure | fiscal policy | full-employment output | tax multiplier | simple expenditure multiplier | balanced-budget multiplier |


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PRODUCTION

The process of transforming the natural resources of the land into consumer satisfying consumption goods or productive capital goods. This transformation process involves the four scarce resources or factors of production--labor, capital, land, and entrepreneurship. Although production is generally the physical transformation of materials, it often involves the spatial relocation, or transportation, of commodities, as well.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at a garage sale wanting to buy either a 50-foot blue garden hose or a turbo-powered vacuum cleaner. Be on the lookout for the last item on a shelf.
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