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July 21, 2026 

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X-INEFFICIENCY: Cost that is higher than it needs to be because a firm is operating inefficiently. This is most often seen for firms that have a great deal of market control, especially monopoly. The lack of competition allows a business to pad it's expenses, hire unneeded employees (like relatives), goof off instead of working, and all sorts of other things that lessen production and increase cost. The business is not penalized for these actions, because market control allows the company to extract whatever price is needed to cover cost.

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PERFECT COMPETITION AND DEMAND: The demand curve for the output produced by a perfectly competitive firm is perfectly elastic at the going market price. The firm can sell all of the output that it wants at this price because it is a relatively small part of the market. As a price taker, the firm has no ability to charge a higher price and no reason to charge a lower one. The market price facing a perfectly competitive firm is also the firm's average revenue and, most importantly, its marginal revenue.

     See also | perfect competition | demand | perfectly elastic | price taker | market control | perfect competition and efficiency | perfect competition characteristics | perfect competition and short-run supply curve | monopoly and demand |


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PERFECT COMPETITION AND DEMAND, AmosWEB GLOSS*arama, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2026. [Accessed: July 21, 2026].


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FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET

A market that trades the currencies of different countries. The foreign exchange market is actually a series of different markets, each exchanging the currency of one nation for that of another nation. A foreign exchange market sets the price of one currency in terms of the other; a price termed the foreign exchange rate, or simply exchange rate. The impact of government exchange rate policies, including fixed exchange rates, flexible exchange rates, and managed flexible exchange rates, can be illustrated using the foreign exchange market.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time searching the newspaper want ads hoping to buy either 500 feet of telephone cable or a package of 4 by 6 index cards, the ones with lines. Be on the lookout for vindictive digital clocks with revenge on their minds.
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The wealthy industrialist, Andrew Carnegie, was once removed from a London tram because he lacked the money needed for the fare.
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