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CAPACITY UTILIZATION RATE: The ratio of actual production by business sector factories and other productive establishments in the economy to the potential production of these establishments. This rate indicates if our economy's factories are being used as effectively and as fully as possible. Like the unemployment rate, the capacity utilization rate measures how close our economy is to full employment. And like unemployment, this rate moves up and down over the course of a business cycle. During expansions, the rate is near 85 percent (considered full employment), and during contractions, it tends to be in the 70 percent range. In addition to an overall rate, there are also separate rates for manufacturing, mining, and utility industries.

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SUBSTITUTE-IN-PRODUCTION: One of two goods that can replace each other in production--that is, using resources to produce one good prevents their use in the other. A substitute good is one of two alternatives falling within the other prices determinant of supply. The other is complement-in-production. An increase in the price of one substitute-in-production causes a decrease in supply of the other.

     See also | supply | other prices | production | supply curve | supply determinants | supply shock | comparative statics | substitute-in-consumption | elasticity |


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LONG-RUN AVERAGE COST

The per unit cost of producing a good or service in the long run when all inputs under the control of the firm are variable. In other words, long-run total cost divided by the quantity of output produced. Long-run average cost is guided by returns to scale.

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