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RISK POOLING: Combining the uncertainty of individuals into a calculable risk for large groups. For example, you may or may not contract the flu this year. However, if you're thrown in with 99,999 other people, then health-care types who spend their lives measuring the odds of an illness, can predict that 1 percent of the group, or 1,000 people, will get the flu. The uncertainty is that they probably don't know which 1,000 people, they only know the number afflicted. This little bit of information is what makes risk pooling possible. If the cost is $50 per illness, then an insurance company can insure your 100,000-member group against flu if they collect $50,000 ($50 x 1,000 sick people), or 50 cents per person. By agreeing to pay the cost of each sick person in exchange for the 50 cent payments, the insurance company has effectively pooled the risk of the group.
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                           SUBSTITUTE-IN-PRODUCTION: One of two (or more) goods that use the same resource for production in an exclusionary manner. A substitute-in-production is one of two alternatives falling within the other prices determinant of supply. The other is a complement-in-production. An increase in the price of one substitute good causes a decrease in supply for the other. Substitutes-in-production are two or more goods that can be produced using the same resources. Producing one good prevents sellers from using resources to produce another. Produce one or produce the other, but not both.Farmers are frequently faced with the production of substitute crops, such as corn or soybeans. Automobile companies must choose between the production of four-door sedans or pickup trucks. Building contractors devote their resources to the construction of multi-family apartment buildings or single-family houses. The price of a substitute-in-production is part of the other prices supply determinant. A change in the price of a substitute-in-production causes a change in supply and a shift of the supply curve. An increase in the price of one substitute good causes a decrease in the supply of the other. A decrease in the price of one substitute good causes an increase in the supply of the other. Shifting the Supply CurveTo illustrate this process consider the production of two goods--sport shirts and window curtains. Each is produced using the same resources--workers, factories, tools, and materials. They produce one or they produce the other.| Substitute-in-Production |  |
How is the supply of sport shirts affected if the price of window curtains should change?- A Higher Price: Suppose the price of window curtains increases. Profit-minded window curtain producers undoubtedly react according to the law of supply and increase the quantity supplied of window curtains. However, in that this requires additional resources, fewer are available to produce a substitute good, such as sport shirts. The result is a decrease in the supply for sport shirts and a leftward shift of the supply curve. Click the [Price Increase] button to demonstrate.
The production substitution between window curtains and sport shirts is due to a change in relative prices triggered by the change in the price of window curtains, given that the price of sport shirts remains constant. That is, even though the price of sport shirts does not change, it is relatively cheaper due to the higher price of window curtains.
- A Lower Price: Suppose the price of window curtains decreases. Profit-minded window curtain producers now react according to the law of supply and decrease the quantity supplied of window curtains. However, this frees up resources that can be used to produce a substitute good, such as sport shirts. The result is an increase in the supply for sport shirts and a rightward shift of the supply curve. Click the [Price Decrease] button to demonstrate.
The production substitution between window curtains and sport shirts is once again due to a change in relative prices triggered by the price of window curtains, with no change in the price of sport shirts. That is, even though the price of sport shirts does not change, it is relatively more expensive due to the lower price of window curtains.
Recommended Citation:SUBSTITUTE-IN-PRODUCTION, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2020. [Accessed: September 27, 2020].
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time searching for a specialty store looking to buy either an extra large beach blanket or a large flower pot shaped like a Greek urn. Be on the lookout for slightly overweight pizza delivery guys.
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In his older years, Andrew Carnegie seldom carried money because he was offended by its sight and touch.
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"The way employees treat customers reflects the manner in which they're treated by management. " -- James Perkins, president, Cornell University
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CLT
Central Limit Theorem
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