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October 7, 2026 

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CLOSED SHOP: An employment arrangement, usually written into a collective bargaining agreement, in which a firm is allowed to hire only labor union members. Because this gives a labor union complete control over the labor services supplied to a particular firm, it was one of the earliest methods used by labor unions to monopolized a labor market. However, closed shops were outlawed by the Taft-Hartley Act passed in 1947 and has been largely supplanted by union shops.

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INVESTMENT BUSINESS CYCLE: The notion that business cycles are caused by changes in business sector investment expenditures triggered by the natural ebb and flow of market conditions. This investment explanation of business cycle instability rests on the proposition that the seeds of each subsequent business-cycle phase are planted during the current phase. An expansion creates the conditions that cause a contraction and a contraction creates the conditions that cause an expansion.

     See also | business cycle | investment | expansion | contraction | peak | trough | shortage | surplus | unemployment | inflation | building cycle | fiscal policy | monetary policy | stabilization policies | political business cycle | circular flow | unemployment | inflation |


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INJECTIONS

Non-consumption expenditures on aggregate production. The three aggregate expenditures grouped under the heading of injections are investment expenditures, government purchases and exports. Injections add to the core circular flow containing consumption, production, and income. The injections-leakages model is a Keynesian economics analysis that combines injections with leakages (saving, taxes, and imports) to identify the equilibrium level of aggregate production and income.

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YELLOW CHIPPEROON
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time watching infomercials seeking to buy either a coffee cup commemorating Thor Heyerdahl's Pacific crossing aboard the Kon-Tiki or a rechargeable battery for your cell phone. Be on the lookout for neighborhood pets, especially belligerent parrots.
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The penny is the only coin minted by the U.S. government in which the "face" on the head looks to the right. All others face left.
"You don't have to see the top of the staircase to take the first step.¾ "

-- Martin Luther King, civil rights leader

NDP
Net Domestic Product
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