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AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES: A reduction in production cost the results when related firms locate near one another. Firms can be related as competitors in the same industry, by using the same inputs, or through providing output to the same demographic group. The fashion industry, for example, experiences agglomeration economies because they can share specialized inputs (photographers, models) that would be too expensive to employ full time. Retail stores have agglomeration economies when located in shopping malls because they have access to a large group of potential customers with lower advertising cost. Agglomeration economies is given as one of the primary reasons for the emergence of urban areas.
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Lesson Contents
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Unit 1: Measuring Production |
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Unit 2: Looking Behind GDP |
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Unit 3: Two Views of GDP |
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Unit 4: Measuring Income |
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Unit 5: Issues | |
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Gross Domestic Product
This lesson investigates one of the most noted and important measures of macroeconomic activity -- gross domestic product (GDP). GDP measures the total production of goods and services that, in principle, are available to satisfy consumers wants and needs. We see the ins and outs of the GDP measure. As a bonus, we also get a close look at several related measures of production and income, including net domestic product (NDP), national income (NI), personal income (PI), and disposable income (PI). - In the first unit of this lesson, we take a look at the process of measuring gross domestic product, including what, in principle, is being measure.
- The second unit the turns to a detailed look at what IS included in GDP and what IS NOT included in the GDP based on the difference between market transactions and economic production.
- With the third unit we take a look at the two views of measuring GDP -- expenditures and resource costs.
- Moving on to the fourth unit, we get a look at the three related measures of income -- national income, personal income, and disposable income.
- And finally, the fifth unit considers a few issues related to measuring GDP, including what BDP does measure and what GDP doesn't measure.
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NATIONAL INCOME The total income earned by the citizens of the national economy as a result of their ownership of resources used in the production of final goods and services during a given period of time, usually one year. This is the government's official measure of how much income is generated by the economy in the course of production. National income, generally abbreviated as NI, is the broadest, most comprehensive of three income measures reported in the National Income and Product Accounts by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The other two are personal income (PI) and disposable income (DI). Two related measures of production are gross domestic product (GDP) and net domestic product (NDP).
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BEIGE MUNDORTLE
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time browsing through a long list of dot com websites trying to buy either a flower arrangement with a lot of roses for your grandmother or a wall poster commemorating the first day of winter. Be on the lookout for neighborhood pets, especially belligerent parrots.
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This isn't me! What am I?
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Rosemary, long associated with remembrance, was worn as wreaths by students in ancient Greece during exams.
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"Learn to enjoy every minute of your life. Be happy now. Don't wait for something outside of yourself to make you happy in the future. Think how really precious is the time you have to spend, whether it's at work or with your family. Every minuteshould be enjoyed and savored." -- Earl Nightingale
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WAPM
Weak Axiom of Profit Maximization
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